A. OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is a disease that attacks the muculoskeletal system, which is characterized by reduced bone density causing cropos. This condition causes the bone to become cartilage experiencing fractures (fractures). The disease most often causes fractures in the pelvis, spine and wrist. Osteoporosis is often assumed to only occur in people with old age, but in fact this disease can also occur in adolescents. Osteoporosis that is left untreated will cause problems with heart health, especially coronary heart disease. So never underestimate this disease because osteoporosis will have a negative impact on our bodies if not handled properly. Therefore we must start maintaining our bone health early so that our bones remain healthy and not infected with bone diseases such as osteoporosois. So we must know what can cause osteoporosis so that we can anticipate it and avoid it. The following are the causes of osteoporosis.
CAUSES
1. Gender
Osteoporosis is more
common in women. This is due to the influence of the hormone estrogen whose
levels begin to decrease in the body since the age of 35 years. In addition,
women also experience menopause which can occur at the age of 45 years.
2. Age
With age, bone loss
occurs faster, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken
and your risk of osteoporosis increases.
3. Diet
Starting in childhood
through old age, a diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase the risk of
osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive diet or poor protein intake can increase
the risk of bone loss and osteoporosis.
4. Lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle is
important to maintain bone strength. Factors that contribute to bone loss
include:
·
Low levels of
physical activity and prolonged periods of inactivity can contribute to an
increase in the rate of bone loss. It also makes the physical condition worse,
which can increase the risk of falls and fractures.
·
Chronically
drinking large amounts of alcohol is a significant risk factor for
osteoporosis.
·
Smoking habits
and alcohol consumption, there have been many studies that show that smoking
habits and alcohol consumption can cause the risk of osteoporosis and
fractures.
5.
Drug use
Long-term
use of certain drugs such as the use of cancer drugs, antiepileptics, etc.
6.
Weight
Women
and men with thin bodies have a greater risk of osteoporosis because they have
low bone density as a result of which there is an increased risk of
osteoporosis.
7.
Hereditary
Factor
Researchers
have mentioned that the offspring of people who have osteoporosis will be more
at high risk of contracting osteoporosis.
TREATMENT
Actions
that can be taken to treat osteoporosis are:
1. Non Pharmacological Therapy
· Sufficient nutritional needs
Osteoporosis patients should get adequate nutrition and maintenance of ideal body weight. A diet high in calcium is important for maintaining bone density. These nutrients can be in the form of vitamin D which can be obtained from broccoli, nuts, anchovies, salmon, milk, egg yolks, liver and sardine as well as sun exposure.
· Regular exercise
Sports such as walking, jogging, and gymnastics can be beneficial in preventing bone fragility and fractures. This can maintain bone strength (Chisholm-burns et al, 2008). The principle of physical exercise for bone health is weight training, dynamic and rhythmic movements, and endurance training (relaxation) in the form of low impact aerobics.
2.
Pharmacological
Therapy
In
addition to non-pharmacological therapies, there are also pharmacological
therapies that can overcome osteoporosis. Pharmacological therapy in patients
with osteoporosis can be given calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, Selective
Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs), calcitonin, phytoestrogens and
teriparatide.
B. BONE FRACTURE
Bone Fracture
a condition when a bone is broken so
that its shape or even position changes. Fractures can occur if the bone
receives pressure or impact whose strength is greater than the strength of the
bone. Fractures can occur in any part of the body, but are more common in the
bones of the feet, hands, ribs and collarbones.
CAUSES
Fractures
occur when bones receive pressure that is greater than the bone can tolerate.
The greater the pressure received by the bones, generally the greater the
severity of the fracture.
- Conditions that can cause bone fractures include:
- Injuries resulting from falls, accidents, or fights
- Injuries due to repetitive shocks, for example when marching or playing sports
- Diseases that can weaken bones, such as osteoporosis, genetic disorders that cause brittle bones (osteogenesis imperfecta), bone infections (osteomyelitis), and bone cancer
TREATMENT
Fracture
treatment includes:
- Administering medication, to relieve pain and prevent infection in open fractures
- Placing a cast made of plaster or fiberglass, to prevent the broken bone from moving during the healing process
- Traction, to align the broken bones and stretch the surrounding muscles and tendons
- Surgery, to connect broken bones using special pens, plates, screws and rods
C. GOUT
Gout can cause unbearable
pain, swelling, and heat in the joint area that has gout. Generally, gout more
often attacks men, especially those over the age of 30 years. While in women,
it is more common when after menopause. The pain experienced by people with
gout can last about 3-10 days. Often people confuse gout with rheumatism.
CAUSES
Uric acid is a natural
compound produced by the body to reduce purines. Purine itself can be
interpreted as a natural substance that has several important functions in the
body, ranging from regulating cell growth to energy formation, when it is
finished being used by the body, uric acid will be removed through urine.
The cause of gout itself is due to the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, it can occur due to purine levels in the blood too high. High purine levels are obtained from certain foods and drinks such as the following:
· Alcohol
· Lamb chops
· Bacon
· Red meat
· Seafood (shrimp, sardines, lobster, etc.)
Apart from food and
drinks, there are several other triggering factors including:
· Complications due to diabetes
· Complications caused by kidney stones
· And complications due to other diseases
TREATMENT
Gout cannot be cured
totally, but if left alone it can interfere with daily activities, with that it
is necessary to do treatment to deal with gout by applying healthy living. Gout
can also be treated by giving anti-pain drugs to reduce the pain felt by gout
sufferers when it recurs.
For prevention that can
be done to avoid gout is by changing lifestyles to be healthier, can be done by
consuming lots of foods with balanced nutrition and high fiber, and do not
forget to consume enough water and diligently exercise at least 2 times a week
D. TENDINITIS
Tendinitis is inflammation of the
tendons, which are the tissues that connect muscles and joints. Tendinitis
usually affects tendons in the shoulder, elbow, heel, or ankle, but it may also
occur elsewhere in the body.
Tendons themselves help muscles move
joints, so inflammation in tendons can cause pain and discomfort around joints.
Athletes also often develop tendinitis.
In fact, the different types of tendinitis can be categorized based on the type
of exercise they do, such as:
1. Jumper's knee.
2. Pitcher's shoulder.
3. Swimmer's shoulder.
4. Tennis elbow.
5. Golfer's elbow.
If tendinitis gets worse, such as a torn tendon, surgery may be needed to treat it. However, usually tendinitis can be treated by resting, taking pain medication, and doing physical therapy.
Causes of
Tendinitis
The majority of causes of tendinitis are physical activity or repetitive movements, such as jumping in basketball, swinging your arms while playing badminton, hoeing, or gardening. In addition, strenuous physical activity or movements performed in improper positions can also cause tendinitis. Injuries caused by lifting heavy objects can also cause inflammation of these tendons.
Types of
Tendinitis
There are several types of tendinitis
that can be distinguished based on cause and location, namely:
1. Achilles Tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis is inflammation
that occurs in the large tendon at the back of the ankle (Achilles tendon).
Usually, this type of tendinitis arises due to repetitive activities such as
running and jumping movements during basketball.
2. Lateral Epicondylitis
Tendinitis that occurs in the tendons
in the outer elbow. Lateral epicondylitis arises due to activities that involve
repetitive spinning movements in the wrist. This type of tendinitis is usually
common in badminton and tennis athletes.
3. Knee Tendinitis
Knee tendinitis is an inflammation that
occurs in the patellar tendon, which is a tendon located at the bottom of the
knee or in the quadriceps tendon above the knee. This type of tendinitis
usually occurs due to jumping or running movements, such as in basketball or
long-distance running.
4. Medial Epicondylitis
Medial epicondylitis is inflammation of
the tendons in the inner elbow. Generally, the cause of this type of tendinitis
is activities that involve repetitive movements of the elbow, as often done by
golf and baseball athletes.
5. De quervain tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendon, also known
as de Quervain syndrome, occurs in the tendon of the wrist, precisely at the
base of the thumb. This tendinitis can be triggered by repetitive grasping or
pinching movements, such as in tennis and rock climbing athletes. Tendinitis
can also occur in pregnant women, but until now the cause is unknown.
6. Rotator Cuff Tendinitis
Rotator cuff tendinitis is inflammation
that occurs in the rotator cuff, a group of muscles and tendons that surround
the shoulder joint and control shoulder rotation. Usually, this condition is
triggered by repetitive raising of the arm, such as when swimming.
Tendinitis
Treatment
Treatment of tendinitis primarily aims
to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. Some tendinitis treatment options
are as follows:
1. Drug
Consumption
In the early
stages, your doctor may prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
or corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and pain. However, for
tendinitis that has lasted for more than three months, the use of
corticosteroids is not recommended because it has the potential to cause
tendons to become weak and tear.
2.
Physiotherapy
Patients who
have tendinitis can receive physiotherapy to strengthen the inflamed tendon and
help restore motion function impaired by tendinitis. This treatment can be
given after the symptoms of tendinitis disappear. Physiotherapy will adjust
actions and exercises to the health condition of each patient.
3. Other Medical Measures
If the patient's condition does not
improve even after being given drugs and undergoing physiotherapy, the doctor
can perform a number of medical actions, such as:
- Ultrasound therapy, to remove scar tissue marks on tendons by utilizing exposure to ultrasonic sound waves.
- Dry needling, to encourage the healing process in the tendon using a special needle.
- Surgery, performed as a last resort to overcome severe tendinitis conditions, such as tendon detachment from bone or torn tendons.
4. Self-Care
In addition to medical care, tendinitis
patients can also handle independently, such as:
- Resting the inflamed tendon.
- Avoid doing activities or sports that put strong pressure on the inflamed tendon.
- Cold compress the tendon area that has tendinitis for 20 minutes and done several times a day.
- Bandage the inflamed tendon area with an elastic bandage until the swelling decreases.
- Using a pile of pillows to support inflamed tendons during sleep.
- Stretch before exercising.
- Set the correct posture during work.
